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Passive Voice

July 10, 2026
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📐 CHAPTER 12: THE PASSIVE VOICE

English Grammar | By Mary Ansell


📖 1. USE OF THE PASSIVE VOICE

Active Voice

The subject performs the action.

Example: The boy struck the ball.

Passive Voice

The subject receives the action.

Example: The ball was struck by the boy.

💡 Note:

  • Only a verb that can take an object can be put into the Passive Voice.
  • The Passive Voice is more commonly used in English than in other European languages.
  • It is used extensively in official documents and scientific papers.

📋 2. FORMATION OF THE INDICATIVE MOOD OF THE PASSIVE VOICE

Formation Rule

For every tense in the Active Voice, there is a corresponding tense in the Passive Voice.

  • Auxiliary: The verb to be (in the appropriate tense)
  • Verb Form: Past Participle of the main verb

🔹 Simple Present Passive

Simple Present of "To Be"

SubjectAuxiliary
Iam
youare
he/she/itis
weare
theyare

Simple Present Passive of "To Show"

SubjectPassive Form
Iam shown
youare shown
heis shown
sheis shown
itis shown
weare shown
theyare shown

🔹 All Indicative Tenses - Passive Voice

Tense Auxiliary Verb Form Example
Simple Present am/is/are past participle I am shown
Present Continuous am/is/are being past participle I am being shown
Present Perfect have/has been past participle I have been shown
Present Perfect Continuous have/has been being past participle I have been being shown *
Simple Past was/were past participle I was shown
Past Continuous was/were being past participle I was being shown
Past Perfect had been past participle I had been shown
Past Perfect Continuous had been being past participle I had been being shown *
Simple Future will (shall) be past participle I will be shown
Future Continuous will (shall) be being past participle I will be being shown *
Future Perfect will (shall) have been past participle I will have been shown
Future Perfect Continuous will (shall) have been being past participle I will have been being shown *

* Tenses marked with * are cumbersome and rarely used.


❓ 3. QUESTIONS AND NEGATIVE STATEMENTS

Rule

As with other English conjugations, verbs in the Passive Voice form questions and negative statements using the first auxiliary.

3a. Questions

Examples

Affirmative StatementQuestion
You were shown the sights.Were you shown the sights?
She is being shown the sights.Is she being shown the sights?
He will have been shown the sights.Will he have been shown the sights?
We should be shown the sights.Should we be shown the sights?

3b. Negative Statements

Examples

  • You were not shown the sights.
  • She is not being shown the sights.
  • He will not have been shown the sights.
  • We should not be shown the sights.

3c. Negative Questions

Examples

Without ContractionsWith Contractions
Were you not shown the sights?Weren't you shown the sights?
Is she not being shown the sights?Isn't she being shown the sights?
Will he not have been shown the sights?Won't he have been shown the sights?
Should we not be shown the sights?Shouldn't we be shown the sights?

🔄 4. CHANGING THE VOICE OF A VERB

Active vs Passive

When the voice is changed without altering word order, the meaning changes.

Example

  • Active: He is driving to the airport. (He is doing the driving.)
  • Passive: He is being driven to the airport. (Someone else is driving.)

🔹 Comparison Table

Tense Active Voice Passive Voice
Simple Present I show I am shown
Negative I do not show I am not shown
Present Continuous I am showing I am being shown
Present Perfect I have shown I have been shown
Simple Past I showed I was shown
Negative I did not show I was not shown
Past Continuous I was showing I was being shown
Past Perfect I had shown I had been shown
Simple Future I will show I will be shown
Future Perfect I will have shown I will have been shown
With Would I would show I would be shown

🔄 5. CHANGING THE VOICE WHILE PRESERVING MEANING

5a. Active to Passive

Rules

  1. The former object becomes the subject.
  2. The former subject becomes the object of the preposition by.
  3. The verb must agree with its new subject.

Examples

Active VoicePassive Voice
The wind is rippling the water.The water is being rippled by the wind.
The squirrel ate the nut.The nut was eaten by the squirrel.
The child will open the parcel.The parcel will be opened by the child.

💡 Note: When changing voice, make sure the verb agrees with the new subject.

Example: The boys are mowing the lawn. → The lawn is being mowed by the boys.


5b. Passive to Active

Rules

  1. The former subject becomes the object.
  2. The former object of the preposition by becomes the subject.

Examples

Passive VoiceActive Voice
The clover is being eaten by the cow.The cow is eating the clover.
The wine was ordered by the dealer.The dealer ordered the wine.
The deer could have been killed by the poacher.The poacher could have killed the deer.

5c. Verbs with Both Direct and Indirect Objects

Rule

When a verb takes both a direct object and an indirect object, either can become the subject in the Passive Voice.

Example: The guide will show you the museum.

  • Passive (Indirect Object as Subject): You will be shown the museum by the guide.
  • Passive (Direct Object as Subject): The museum will be shown to you by the guide.

Example: The policeman gave you a medal.

  • Passive (Indirect Object as Subject): You were given a medal by the policeman.
  • Passive (Direct Object as Subject): A medal was given to you by the policeman.

📋 6. THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD OF THE PASSIVE VOICE

Formation

The Subjunctive Mood of tenses using auxiliaries is formed by putting the first auxiliary into the Subjunctive Mood.

🔹 Summary of Subjunctive Passive Tenses

Tense Auxiliary Verb Form Example
Simple Present be past participle I be shown
Present Continuous be being past participle I be being shown
Present Perfect have been past participle I have been shown
Simple Past were past participle I were shown
Past Continuous were being past participle I were being shown
Past Perfect had been past participle I had been shown

6a. Simple Present Subjunctive

Examples

  • I request that he be invited to speak.
  • We asked that our suggestions be considered.
  • They will insist that their colleague be admitted to the association.

6b. Past Subjunctive (Wishes & False Conditions)

Examples

  • I wish I had been told the truth. (wish - earlier time)
  • If he had been warned, he would have been careful. (false condition - past)
  • If I were given a chance, I would prove myself. (false condition - present)

📝 EXERCISES FOR CHAPTER 12

Exercise 1. Change the following affirmative statements into questions.

Example: You are required to attend the meeting. → Are you required to attend the meeting?
She is being ignored. → Is she being ignored?

  1. They should be notified.
  2. He might have been allowed to come.
  3. You had been told about it.
  4. They will be needed.
  5. It has been adjourned.
  6. They were being prepared.

Answers to Exercise 1:

  1. Should they be notified?
  2. Might he have been allowed to come?
  3. Had you been told about it?
  4. Will they be needed?
  5. Has it been adjourned?
  6. Were they being prepared?

Exercise 2. Change the following affirmative statements into negative statements.

Example: They would have been instructed to join us. → They would not have been instructed to join us.
It was sent on time. → It was not sent on time.

  1. We could have been seen from the island.
  2. It is being dealt with satisfactorily.
  3. They were being kept under observation.
  4. You will be held responsible.
  5. They were expected at six o'clock.
  6. He will be asked to participate.

Answers to Exercise 2:

  1. We could not have been seen from the island.
  2. It is not being dealt with satisfactorily.
  3. They were not being kept under observation.
  4. You will not be held responsible.
  5. They were not expected at six o'clock.
  6. He will not be asked to participate.

Exercise 3. Change the following affirmative statements into negative questions. Do not use contractions in this exercise.

Example: He is respected by everyone. → Is he not respected by everyone?
She should be consulted. → Should she not be consulted?

  1. They were recognized immediately.
  2. We were being assisted by volunteers.
  3. It had been delivered.
  4. They should have been guarded more carefully.
  5. We will be given financial assistance.
  6. It had been organized by the club members.

Answers to Exercise 3:

  1. Were they not recognized immediately?
  2. Were we not being assisted by volunteers?
  3. Had it not been delivered?
  4. Should they not have been guarded more carefully?
  5. Will we not be given financial assistance?
  6. Had it not been organized by the club members?

Exercise 4. For each of the following sentences, first indicate the tense of the underlined verb, and then change the verb from the Active Voice to the corresponding tense in the Passive Voice. Take note of the resulting change in the meaning of the sentence.

Example: They drive to work at seven o'clock every morning. → Simple Present: They are driven to work at seven o'clock every morning.
Did he notice? → Simple Past: Was he noticed?

  1. Do they expect to leave?
  2. He is giving instructions.
  3. They have moved to a new location.
  4. She will fly to London.
  5. He has offered a discount.
  6. They have stopped.
  7. Will you have given the order?
  8. We sent a favorable reply.
  9. We were teaching German.
  10. I understand.
  11. He is offering free advice.
  12. She will rush to the reception.

Answers to Exercise 4:

  1. Are they expected to leave? (Simple Present)
  2. He is being given instructions. (Present Continuous)
  3. They have been moved to a new location. (Present Perfect)
  4. She will be flown to London. (Simple Future)
  5. He has been offered a discount. (Present Perfect)
  6. They have been stopped. (Present Perfect)
  7. Will you have been given the order? (Future Perfect)
  8. We were sent a favorable reply. (Simple Past)
  9. We were being taught German. (Past Continuous)
  10. I am understood. (Simple Present)
  11. He is being offered free advice. (Present Continuous)
  12. She will be rushed to the reception. (Simple Future)

Exercise 5. For each of the following sentences, first indicate the tense of the underlined verb, and then change the verb from the Passive Voice to the corresponding tense in the Active Voice. Take note of the resulting change in the meaning of the sentence.

Example: We are paid regularly. → Simple Present: We pay regularly.
She is not assisted every day. → Simple Present: She does not assist every day.

  1. We can be heard easily.
  2. She is being given advice.
  3. Were they not flown over the lake?
  4. I had been transferred to another department.
  5. He is being stopped.
  6. We have been sent a letter.
  7. He is not being taught music theory.
  8. Should they have been flown to their next destination?
  9. They will be watched constantly.
  10. We had been driven to the beach this morning.
  11. Has he been checked into the hotel?
  12. Could I have been told the news yesterday?

Answers to Exercise 5:

  1. We can hear easily. (Simple with can)
  2. She is giving advice. (Present Continuous)
  3. Did they not fly over the lake? (Simple Past)
  4. I had transferred to another department. (Past Perfect)
  5. He is stopping. (Present Continuous)
  6. We have sent a letter. (Present Perfect)
  7. He is not teaching music theory. (Present Continuous)
  8. Should they have flown to their next destination? (Perfect with should)
  9. They will watch constantly. (Simple Future)
  10. We had driven to the beach this morning. (Past Perfect)
  11. Has he checked into the hotel? (Present Perfect)
  12. Could I have told the news yesterday? (Perfect with could)

Exercise 6. Change the underlined verbs in the following sentences from the Active Voice to the corresponding tenses in the Passive Voice. Preserve the meaning of the sentences by using the preposition by and making the necessary changes in word order.

Example: The teenager rowed the boat. → The boat was rowed by the teenager.
The girl is riding the horse. → The horse is being ridden by the girl.

  1. The woman founded the club.
  2. This entry took the prize.
  3. The girl is playing the guitar.
  4. The mailman has delivered the letter.
  5. The chauffeur can drive the car.
  6. The child chose the hat.
  7. The cat chased the mouse.
  8. The workers will weave the carpet.
  9. The stranger could have bought the hiking boots.
  10. The dealer has sold the car.
  11. The dog splashed the water.
  12. The man has watered the garden.

Answers to Exercise 6:

  1. The club was founded by the woman.
  2. The prize was taken by this entry.
  3. The guitar is being played by the girl.
  4. The letter has been delivered by the mailman.
  5. The car can be driven by the chauffeur.
  6. The hat was chosen by the child.
  7. The mouse was chased by the cat.
  8. The carpet will be woven by the workers.
  9. The hiking boots could have been bought by the stranger.
  10. The car has been sold by the dealer.
  11. The water was splashed by the dog.
  12. The garden has been watered by the man.

Exercise 7. Change the underlined verbs in the following sentences from the Passive Voice to the corresponding tenses in the Active Voice. Preserve the meaning of the sentences by omitting the preposition by and making the necessary changes in word order.

Example: The news was heard by everyone. → Everyone heard the news.
The orders were followed by the officials. → The officials followed the orders.

  1. The bill was paid by the manager.
  2. The bread was made by the baker.
  3. The wiring must be checked by the electrician.
  4. The crow was being scolded by the squirrel.
  5. The book was written by a doctor.
  6. The house was painted by a student.
  7. The seeds were taken by the chickadee.
  8. The cider has been drunk by the guest.
  9. The mail is opened by the secretary.
  10. The ingredients have been measured by the cooks.
  11. The bird was seen by the photographers.
  12. His work will be published by the magazine.

Answers to Exercise 7:

  1. The manager paid the bill.
  2. The baker made the bread.
  3. The electrician must check the wiring.
  4. The squirrel was scolding the crow.
  5. A doctor wrote the book.
  6. A student painted the house.
  7. The chickadee took the seeds.
  8. The guest has drunk the cider.
  9. The secretary opens the mail.
  10. The cooks have measured the ingredients.
  11. The photographers saw the bird.
  12. The magazine will publish his work.

Exercise 8. Complete the following sentences using the Simple Present Subjunctive of the Passive Voice of the verbs shown in brackets.

Example: She ordered that the most important details ______ known. (to make) → She ordered that the most important details be made known.
He advises that the plane ______ at a high altitude. (to fly) → He advises that the plane be flown at a high altitude.

  1. They demand that the change of plans ______ at nine o'clock. (to announce)
  2. We ask that permission to compete ______ to everyone. (to grant)
  3. It is important that their accomplishments ______. (to recognize)
  4. It is crucial that we ______ of any change. (to advise)
  5. He asks that his affairs ______ in order. (to put)
  6. They requested that their qualifications ______. (to accept)
  7. We insist that he ______ not his rights. (to deny)
  8. It is necessary that the requirements ______. (to meet)
  9. She requests that the most experienced candidate ______. (to choose)
  10. It is recommended that care ______ in making the repairs. (to take)
  11. He insists that smoking ______. (to forbid)
  12. It is essential that supplies ______ well in advance. (to order)

Answers to Exercise 8:

  1. be announced
  2. be granted
  3. be recognized
  4. be advised
  5. be put
  6. be accepted
  7. be denied
  8. be met
  9. be chosen
  10. be taken
  11. be forbidden
  12. be ordered

📌 KEY SUMMARY

🔹 Passive Voice Formation

Tense Auxiliary Verb Form
Simple Present am/is/are past participle
Present Continuous am/is/are being past participle
Present Perfect have/has been past participle
Simple Past was/were past participle
Past Continuous was/were being past participle
Past Perfect had been past participle
Simple Future will (shall) be past participle
Future Perfect will (shall) have been past participle

💡 Key Rules:

  • Only transitive verbs (verbs that take an object) can be passive.
  • The object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence.
  • The subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the preposition by.
  • The verb must agree with the new subject.
  • When a verb has both a direct and indirect object, either can become the subject.

📚 English Grammar | By Mary Ansell
Chapter 12: The Passive Voice

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