📐 CHAPTER 13: NOUNS - THE FORMATION OF PLURALS
English Grammar | By Mary Ansell
📖 INTRODUCTION
Noun
A noun is a word used as the name of a person or a thing.
Examples
- He opened the parcel.
- She is a student.
- The weather is warm.
- A cat is sitting on the steps.
📋 1. PROPER NOUNS
Proper Noun
Names of individual persons or things are called proper nouns.
Proper nouns must begin with a capital letter.
Examples
- The capital of England is London.
- My friend, George, is an American.
📋 2. COUNTABLE NOUNS
Countable Noun
- Can form a plural.
- Can be preceded by a, an, or a number.
Examples
- A bus is coming.
- You may need an umbrella.
- Here are two books.
- Twenty students are present.
🔹 Subject-Verb Agreement
- Singular subject → singular verb (third person singular)
- Plural subject → plural verb (third person plural)
Examples
- The book is interesting. (singular)
- The books are interesting. (plural)
- One student lives here. (singular)
- Three students live here. (plural)
📋 3. THE FORMATION OF PLURALS
General Rule
In English, the plural of most countable nouns is formed by adding s.
Examples
| Singular | Plural |
|---|---|
| hat | hats |
| letter | letters |
| pencil | pencils |
| student | students |
3a. Nouns Ending in ch, s, sh, x, z
Rule: Add es (pronounced as a separate syllable).
Examples
| Singular | Plural |
|---|---|
| branch | branches |
| match | matches |
| bus | buses |
| pass | passes |
| dish | dishes |
| marsh | marshes |
| ax | axes |
| fox | foxes |
| buzz | buzzes |
🔹 Nouns Ending in ce, ge, se, ze
Rule: Add s, but the final es is pronounced as a separate syllable.
Examples
| Singular | Plural | Syllables |
|---|---|---|
| place | places | 2 |
| voice | voices | 2 |
| change | changes | 2 |
| page | pages | 2 |
| house | houses | 2 |
| phrase | phrases | 2 |
| size | sizes | 2 |
3b. Nouns Ending in y
Rule 1: If y is preceded by a consonant → change y to i and add es.
Examples
| Singular | Plural |
|---|---|
| candy | candies |
| city | cities |
| lady | ladies |
| story | stories |
Rule 2: If y is preceded by a vowel → add s.
Examples
| Singular | Plural |
|---|---|
| boy | boys |
| day | days |
| key | keys |
| toy | toys |
3c. Plurals of Proper Nouns
Rule: Proper nouns follow the same rules, except proper nouns ending in y always add s.
Examples
| Singular | Plural |
|---|---|
| Jill | Jills |
| Tom | Toms |
| George | Georges |
| Grace | Graces |
| Jones | Joneses |
| Max | Maxes |
| May | Mays |
| Nancy | Nancys |
| Sally | Sallys |
3d. Nouns Ending in f or fe
Rule: Some nouns change f to v before adding es or s.
Examples
| Singular | Plural |
|---|---|
| calf | calves |
| elf | elves |
| half | halves |
| leaf | leaves |
| loaf | loaves |
| self | selves |
| sheaf | sheaves |
| shelf | shelves |
| thief | thieves |
| wolf | wolves |
| knife | knives |
| life | lives |
| wife | wives |
🔹 Words with Two Plural Forms
Examples
| Singular | Plural 1 | Plural 2 |
|---|---|---|
| hoof | hoofs | hooves |
| scarf | scarfs | scarves |
| staff | staffs | staves |
| wharf | wharfs | wharves |
3e. Nouns Ending in o
Rule: Some add s, some add es, some can add either.
🔹 Add es
Examples
| Singular | Plural |
|---|---|
| archipelago | archipelagoes |
| cargo | cargoes |
| echo | echoes |
| hero | heroes |
| innuendo | innuendoes |
| mosquito | mosquitoes |
| potato | potatoes |
| tomato | tomatoes |
| tornado | tornadoes |
| torpedo | torpedoes |
| veto | vetoes |
| volcano | volcanoes |
🔹 Add s
Examples
| Singular | Plural |
|---|---|
| albino | albinos |
| alto | altos |
| casino | casinos |
| piano | pianos |
| radio | radios |
| ratio | ratios |
| silo | silos |
| solo | solos |
| sombrero | sombreros |
| soprano | sopranos |
| studio | studios |
3f. Foreign Words
Rule: Many words from other languages form plurals in the same way as in the original language.
Examples
| Singular | Plural |
|---|---|
| analysis | analyses |
| axis | axes |
| basis | bases |
| crisis | crises |
| criterion | criteria |
| honorarium | honoraria |
| hypothesis | hypotheses |
| medium | media |
| nebula | nebulae |
| nucleus | nuclei |
| oasis | oases |
| parenthesis | parentheses |
| phenomenon | phenomena |
| spectrum | spectra |
| stimulus | stimuli |
| stratum | strata |
| synopsis | synopses |
| synthesis | syntheses |
| thesis | theses |
| vertebra | vertebrae |
3g. Hyphenated Nouns
Rule: Usually only the last word forms the plural. However, sometimes only the first word forms the plural.
Examples
| Singular | Plural |
|---|---|
| brother-in-law | brothers-in-law |
| daughter-in-law | daughters-in-law |
| father-in-law | fathers-in-law |
| mother-in-law | mothers-in-law |
| runner-up | runners-up |
| sister-in-law | sisters-in-law |
| son-in-law | sons-in-law |
3h. Numbers and Letters
Rule: Add 's to form plurals.
Examples
| Singular | Plural |
|---|---|
| 3 | 3's |
| b | b's |
3i. Irregular Plurals
Rule: Some words from Old English do not use s to form the plural.
Examples
| Singular | Plural |
|---|---|
| child | children |
| foot | feet |
| goose | geese |
| tooth | teeth |
| louse | lice |
| mouse | mice |
| ox | oxen |
| man | men |
| woman | women |
🔹 Nouns Ending in man
Examples
| Singular | Plural |
|---|---|
| gentleman | gentlemen |
| policeman | policemen |
| policewoman | policewomen |
🔹 No Change in Plural
Examples
| Singular | Plural |
|---|---|
| deer | deer |
| sheep | sheep |
| salmon | salmon |
📝 EXERCISES FOR CHAPTER 13
Exercise 1. For each of the following sentences, change the subject of the verb to the plural, and change the verb so that it agrees with its subject.
Example: The room is large. → The rooms are large.
The letter was delivered yesterday. → The letters were delivered yesterday.
- The book was heavy.
- The train has left.
- The bird was singing.
- The door was closed by the superintendent.
- The shoe fits well.
- The parcel is being opened.
- The newspaper is read by many people.
- The flame is flickering.
- The ship has been sighted.
- The street was being cleaned.
Answers to Exercise 1:
- The books were heavy.
- The trains have left.
- The birds were singing.
- The doors were closed by the superintendent.
- The shoes fit well.
- The parcels are being opened.
- The newspapers are read by many people.
- The flames are flickering.
- The ships have been sighted.
- The streets were being cleaned.
Exercise 2. For each of the following sentences, change the subject of the verb to the plural, and change the verb so that it agrees with its subject.
Example: The beach is supervised by lifeguards. → The beaches are supervised by lifeguards.
- The box was empty.
- The river flows to the sea.
- The bush has grown in the last two months.
- The hat was on sale.
- The bench is made of stone.
- The plant has been watered.
- The hedge is being trimmed.
- The process was invented last year.
- The sketch is nearly finished.
- The breeze was warm.
- The wall is being painted.
- The church is two hundred years old.
- The bridge will soon be completed.
- The carpet has been cleaned.
- The branch is covered with ice.
Answers to Exercise 2:
- The boxes were empty.
- The rivers flow to the sea.
- The bushes have grown in the last two months.
- The hats were on sale.
- The benches are made of stone.
- The plants have been watered.
- The hedges are being trimmed.
- The processes were invented last year.
- The sketches are nearly finished.
- The breezes were warm.
- The walls are being painted.
- The churches are two hundred years old.
- The bridges will soon be completed.
- The carpets have been cleaned.
- The branches are covered with ice.
Exercise 3. For each of the following sentences, change the subject of the verb to the plural, and change the verb so that it agrees with its subject.
Example: The party was held downtown. → The parties were held downtown.
The society accomplishes a great deal. → The societies accomplish a great deal.
- The berry was red.
- The key was difficult to use.
- The valley is very beautiful.
- The eddy can be dangerous for swimmers.
- The journey was undertaken by pilgrims.
- The daisy was picked by the child.
- The monkey is considered to be sacred.
- The gully is full of water.
- The boy ran to school.
- The facility is open to the public.
- The secretary works overtime.
- The toy was being sold at a discount.
- The tray is being piled high with dishes.
- The dairy opens at nine o'clock.
- The chimney has been repaired.
Answers to Exercise 3:
- The berries were red.
- The keys were difficult to use.
- The valleys are very beautiful.
- The eddies can be dangerous for swimmers.
- The journeys were undertaken by pilgrims.
- The daisies were picked by the child.
- The monkeys are considered to be sacred.
- The gullies are full of water.
- The boys ran to school.
- The facilities are open to the public.
- The secretaries work overtime.
- The toys were being sold at a discount.
- The trays are being piled high with dishes.
- The dairies open at nine o'clock.
- The chimneys have been repaired.
Exercise 4. Rewrite each of the following sentences, adding the word two before the proper noun. Change the proper noun to the plural, and change the verb so that it agrees with its subject.
Example: Smith lives in this building. → Two Smiths live in this building.
Harry was nominated for the position. → Two Harrys were nominated for the position.
- Maurice is volunteering.
- Jones was ordered to leave.
- Harrison owns land.
- Sandy has telephoned us.
- Susan met us.
- Trish is studying French.
- Pat does well in school.
- Liz has arrived early.
- Jacky was making the cake.
- Russ knows all the answers.
- Eric is planning the party.
- Terry has difficulty understanding Spanish.
Answers to Exercise 4:
- Two Maurices are volunteering.
- Two Joneses were ordered to leave.
- Two Harrisons own land.
- Two Sandys have telephoned us.
- Two Susans met us.
- Two Trishes are studying French.
- Two Pats do well in school.
- Two Lizes have arrived early.
- Two Jackys were making the cake.
- Two Russes know all the answers.
- Two Erics are planning the party.
- Two Terries have difficulty understanding Spanish.
Exercise 5. For each of the following sentences, change the subject of the verb to the plural, and change the verb so that it agrees with its subject.
Example: The knife has been sharpened. → The knives have been sharpened.
- The leaf has turned red.
- The fife had the solo.
- The calf is hungry.
- The scarf kept him warm.
- The knife will be useful.
- The giraffe was eating leaves.
- The cliff is being explored by geologists.
- The wolf howls every night.
- The loaf is rising.
- The chief will decide.
- The shelf is being used.
- The proof is convincing.
Answers to Exercise 5:
- The leaves have turned red.
- The fifes had the solo.
- The calves are hungry.
- The scarfs kept him warm. / The scarves kept him warm.
- The knives will be useful.
- The giraffes were eating leaves.
- The cliffs are being explored by geologists.
- The wolves howl every night.
- The loaves are rising.
- The chiefs will decide.
- The shelves are being used.
- The proofs are convincing.
Exercise 6. For each of the following sentences, change the subject of the verb to the plural, and change the verb so that it agrees with its subject.
Example: The hero was enthusiastically welcomed. → The heroes were enthusiastically welcomed.
The studio is used by many artists. → The studios are used by many artists.
- The radio is broadcasting news every hour.
- The tomato was being baked.
- The mosquito woke us up.
- The soprano performed with the orchestra.
- The solo was played by the violinist.
- The archipelago lies off the coast of South America.
- The silo is used for storing corn.
- The potato has been boiled.
- The volcano is not active.
- The casino was open until one o'clock in the morning.
- The innuendo should be ignored.
- The ratio has been favorable.
Answers to Exercise 6:
- The radios are broadcasting news every hour.
- The tomatoes were being baked.
- The mosquitoes woke us up.
- The sopranos performed with the orchestra.
- The solos were played by the violinist.
- The archipelagos lie off the coast of South America.
- The silos are used for storing corn.
- The potatoes have been boiled.
- The volcanoes are not active.
- The casinos were open until one o'clock in the morning.
- The innuendoes should be ignored.
- The ratios have been favorable.
Exercise 7. For each of the following sentences, change the subject of the verb to the plural, and change the verb so that it agrees with its subject.
Example: The hypothesis is still tentative. → The hypotheses are still tentative.
The nebula has been studied by many scientists. → The nebulae have been studied by many scientists.
- The synopsis is accurate.
- The phenomenon surprised us.
- The stratum contains fossils.
- The analysis was proved correct.
- The crisis has caused concern.
- The spectrum includes many different colors of light.
- The axis of rotation will be investigated.
- The stimulus has been found to be effective.
- The criterion was used to judge which proposals should be accepted.
- The oasis is visited by many travelers.
- The honorarium is being presented today.
- The parenthesis was omitted.
Answers to Exercise 7:
- The synopses are accurate.
- The phenomena surprised us.
- The strata contain fossils.
- The analyses were proved correct.
- The crises have caused concern.
- The spectra include many different colors of light.
- The axes of rotation will be investigated.
- The stimuli have been found to be effective.
- The criteria were used to judge which proposals should be accepted.
- The oases are visited by many travelers.
- The honoraria are being presented today.
- The parentheses were omitted.
Exercise 8. For each of the following sentences, change the subject of the verb to the plural, and change the verb so that it agrees with its subject.
Example: The goose likes to eat daisies. → The geese like to eat daisies.
The ox was being led to the barn. → The oxen were being led to the barn.
- The child is happy.
- The sheep has been sheared.
- The man was being given directions.
- The deer is eating the hay.
- The woman has visited us.
- The mouse makes a great deal of noise at night.
- The gentleman would like to have breakfast early.
- The louse is a nuisance.
- Your foot is size ten.
- The fisherman has had a good season.
- The tooth needs to be filled.
- The policewoman was directing traffic.
Answers to Exercise 8:
- The children are happy.
- The sheep have been sheared.
- The men were being given directions.
- The deer are eating the hay.
- The women have visited us.
- The mice make a great deal of noise at night.
- The gentlemen would like to have breakfast early.
- The lice are a nuisance.
- Your feet are size ten.
- The fishermen have had a good season.
- The teeth need to be filled.
- The policewomen were directing traffic.
📌 KEY SUMMARY
🔹 Plural Formation Rules
| Ending | Rule | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Most nouns | add s | hat → hats, book → books |
| ch, s, sh, x, z | add es | box → boxes, bus → buses |
| y (consonant + y) | change y to ies | city → cities, baby → babies |
| y (vowel + y) | add s | boy → boys, day → days |
| f / fe | change f to ves | leaf → leaves, knife → knives |
| o | add s or es | piano → pianos, potato → potatoes |
| Foreign words | original plural | criterion → criteria, thesis → theses |
| Irregular | vowel change | man → men, foot → feet |
| No change | same form | sheep → sheep, deer → deer |
💡 Key Points:
- Proper nouns ending in y always add s (Nancy → Nancys).
- Hyphenated nouns usually pluralize the last word.
- Numbers and letters form plurals with 's.
- Some words have two acceptable plural forms.
- The verb must agree with the plural subject.
📚 English Grammar | By Mary Ansell
Chapter 13: Nouns - The Formation of Plurals