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Conjunctions

July 10, 2026
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CHAPTER 28: CONJUNCTIONS

English Grammar | By Mary Ansell

Conjunctions

📖 1. COORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS

Coordinate Conjunction

Coordinate conjunctions join two equal grammatical elements (words, phrases, or independent clauses).

FANBOYS (Remember this acronym)

  • F - for
  • A - and
  • N - nor
  • B - but
  • O - or
  • Y - yet
  • S - so

Examples

  • I like apples and oranges.
  • She is smart, but she is lazy.
  • You can have tea or coffee.
  • He didn't study, so he failed.
  • He is rich, yet he is unhappy.
  • I went to the store, for I needed milk.
  • She doesn't like him, nor does she respect him.

📋 2. CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS

Correlative Conjunction

Correlative conjunctions are pairs of conjunctions that work together.

Pair Example
either ... or You can have either tea or coffee.
neither ... nor She likes neither apples nor oranges.
both ... and He is both smart and hardworking.
not only ... but also She is not only beautiful but also intelligent.
whether ... or I don't know whether to go or stay.

📋 3. SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS

Subordinate Conjunction

Subordinate conjunctions introduce a dependent (subordinate) clause and connect it to an independent clause.

Conjunction Meaning/Use Example
because reason I stayed home because it was raining.
although contrast Although it was raining, we went out.
if condition I will go if you come.
when time She called when I was sleeping.
while time (during) He read while she cooked.
since time/reason He hasn't eaten since breakfast.
until time Wait here until I return.
as time/reason She left as he arrived.
although contrast Although tired, he continued.
unless condition (except if) You will fail unless you study.
whereas contrast She likes cats, whereas he likes dogs.

📋 4. CONNECTING ADVERBS

Connecting Adverb

Connecting adverbs (also called conjunctive adverbs) connect independent clauses and show relationships.

4a. Stress and Punctuation

Rule

Connecting adverbs are usually followed by a comma and preceded by a semicolon or period.

Examples

  • I wanted to go; however, I was too tired.
  • I wanted to go. However, I was too tired.

4b. Connecting Adverbs Used to Connect Sentences

Connecting Adverb Meaning Example
however contrast She is nice; however, she can be strict.
therefore consequence He studied hard; therefore, he passed.
furthermore addition She is smart; furthermore, she is kind.
meanwhile time She was cooking; meanwhile, he was cleaning.
consequently result He didn't study; consequently, he failed.
moreover addition He is talented; moreover, he works hard.

4c. Position in a Clause

Rule

Connecting adverbs can appear at the beginning, middle, or end of a clause.

Examples

  • Beginning: However, I decided to go.
  • Middle: I, however, decided to go.
  • End: I decided to go, however.

📋 5. PARALLEL CONSTRUCTION

Rule

Parallel construction means using the same grammatical form for items in a series.

Examples

  • Incorrect: She likes swimming, to run, and reading.
  • Correct: She likes swimming, running, and reading.
  • Incorrect: He is smart, hardworking, and a kind person.
  • Correct: He is smart, hardworking, and kind.

💡 Rule: Use the same grammatical structure for all items joined by conjunctions.

📝 EXERCISES FOR CHAPTER 28

Exercise 1. Fill in the blanks with the correct coordinate conjunction (and, but, or, so, for, yet, nor).

  1. I like apples ______ oranges.
  2. She is smart, ______ she is lazy.
  3. You can have tea ______ coffee.
  4. He didn't study, ______ he failed.
  5. He is rich, ______ he is unhappy.
  6. I went to the store, ______ I needed milk.
  7. She doesn't like him, ______ does she respect him.

Answers to Exercise 1:

  1. and
  2. but
  3. or
  4. so
  5. yet
  6. for
  7. nor

Exercise 2. Fill in the blanks with the correct correlative conjunction.

  1. You can have ______ tea ______ coffee.
  2. She likes ______ apples ______ oranges.
  3. He is ______ smart ______ hardworking.
  4. She is ______ beautiful ______ intelligent.
  5. I don't know ______ to go ______ stay.

Answers to Exercise 2:

  1. either, or
  2. neither, nor
  3. both, and
  4. not only, but also
  5. whether, or

Exercise 3. Fill in the blanks with the correct subordinate conjunction.

  1. I stayed home ______ it was raining.
  2. ______ it was raining, we went out.
  3. I will go ______ you come.
  4. She called ______ I was sleeping.
  5. He read ______ she cooked.
  6. Wait here ______ I return.
  7. She left ______ he arrived.
  8. You will fail ______ you study.

Answers to Exercise 3:

  1. because
  2. Although
  3. if
  4. when
  5. while
  6. until
  7. as
  8. unless

Exercise 4. Fill in the blanks with the correct connecting adverb.

  1. She is nice; ______, she can be strict.
  2. He studied hard; ______, he passed.
  3. She is smart; ______, she is kind.
  4. She was cooking; ______, he was cleaning.
  5. He didn't study; ______, he failed.
  6. He is talented; ______, he works hard.

Answers to Exercise 4:

  1. however
  2. therefore
  3. furthermore
  4. meanwhile
  5. consequently
  6. moreover

Exercise 5. Correct the parallel construction errors.

  1. She likes swimming, to run, and reading.
  2. He is smart, hardworking, and a kind person.
  3. I enjoy reading, to write, and painting.
  4. She is beautiful, talented, and a good singer.
  5. He wants to travel, to learn, and exploring new places.

Answers to Exercise 5:

  1. She likes swimming, running, and reading.
  2. He is smart, hardworking, and kind.
  3. I enjoy reading, writing, and painting.
  4. She is beautiful, talented, and a good singer. / She is beautiful, talented, and good at singing.
  5. He wants to travel, learn, and explore new places.

📌 KEY SUMMARY

🔹 Conjunctions Summary

Type Examples Use
Coordinate (FANBOYS) for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so Join equal elements
Correlative either...or, neither...nor, both...and, not only...but also Pairs that work together
Subordinate because, although, if, when, while, since, until, as, unless Introduce dependent clauses
Connecting Adverbs however, therefore, furthermore, meanwhile, consequently, moreover Connect independent clauses

💡 Key Points:

  • Coordinate conjunctions (FANBOYS) join equal elements.
  • Correlative conjunctions work in pairs.
  • Subordinate conjunctions introduce dependent clauses.
  • Connecting adverbs connect independent clauses (with semicolon/period and comma).
  • Parallel construction: use the same grammatical form for items in a series.

English Grammar | By Mary Ansell
Chapter 28: Conjunctions

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