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Art and Culture - Practice MCQs

Art and Culture - Practice MCQs

Multiple Choice Questions and Answers
Figure 9.1: Comprehensive practice questions covering all chapters for UPSC preparation.

Practice Multiple Choice Questions

This section contains 50 practice questions covering all chapters of Art and Culture. Test your knowledge and prepare for UPSC Prelims with these high-yield MCQs.

Q1. Consider the following pairs of Martial Arts and the state they belong:

Martial Art State
Gatka Tamil Nadu
Silambam Punjab
Thang-Ta Manipur
Kalaripayattu Kerala

How many of the pairs given above are correct?

Correct Answer: B. Only two pairs are correct. Thang-Ta is from Manipur and Kalaripayattu is from Kerala are correctly matched. Gatka is from Punjab and Silambam is from Tamil Nadu.

Q2. Consider the following statements about the Khelo India Youth Games:

1. The Khelo India Youth Games aim to revive the sports culture in India at the grassroots level.
2. Financial assistance of INR 50 lakh per annum for 8 years is provided to talented players in priority sports disciplines.
3. Silambam martial art of Tamil Nadu is introduced for the first time.

How many of the statements given above are correct?

Correct Answer: C. All three statements are correct. The Khelo India Youth Games aim to revive grassroots sports culture, provide INR 5 lakh (not 50 lakh) per annum for 8 years to talented players, and introduced Silambam as a demo sport for the first time.

Q3. Consider the following statements regarding the Indian traditional paintings:

1. Bela printing is a traditional art from Tamil Nadu which involves carving designs onto wooden blocks to stamp fabric.
2. Sohrai Painting is a folk/tribal painting tradition of Kerala where women paint mud walls of their homes during Sohrai.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Correct Answer: D. Neither statement is correct. Bela printing is from Kutch, Gujarat, not Tamil Nadu. Sohrai Painting is from Jharkhand's Hazaribagh area, not Kerala.

Q4. Consider the following statements about Dr. M.S. Swaminathan:

1. Dr. M.S. Swaminathan introduced high-yielding seeds, modern irrigation, and efficient fertilizer use in the 1960s, achieving food self-sufficiency in India.
2. He founded the M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation (MSSRF) in 1988 to promote sustainable agriculture and rural development.
3. He advocated for Minimum Support Prices (MSP) to be at least 30% above production costs, a key demand of farm unions.

How many of the statements given above are incorrect?

Correct Answer: A. Statements 1 and 2 are correct. Statement 3 is incorrect as he advocated for MSP to be at least 50% above production costs, not 30%.

Q5. Consider the following statements regarding the Pali language:

1. It was recently given the status of Classical languages of India.
2. Pali is the language of the Buddhist texts like the Vinaya Pitaka, Sutta Pitaka, and Abhidhamma Pitaka.
3. Pali is in the 8th Schedule of the Indian Constitution.

How many of the statements given above are correct?

Correct Answer: B. Statements 1 and 2 are correct. Pali was recently granted Classical Language status and is the language of the Tipitaka texts. Statement 3 is incorrect as Pali is not in the 8th Schedule.

Q6. Consider the following statements regarding the Constitutional and Legal Provisions related to the Official language of India:

1. Article 343(1) declares Hindi in Devanagari script as the official language of the Union.
2. The Official Languages Act, 1963 extended the exclusive use of English for Union official purposes after January 26, 1965.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Correct Answer: A. Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is incorrect as the Official Languages Act, 1963 extended the continued use of English (not exclusive use) for Union official purposes beyond 1965.

Q7. With reference to languages of India, which one of the following is the correct chronological order of them being granted the status of Classical language?

Correct Answer: A. The correct chronological order is: Tamil (2004), Sanskrit (2005), Odia (2014), Assamese (2024).

Q8. Match the following award with its description:

Award Description
1. Param Vir Chakra A. Highest peacetime gallantry award, given for acts of valor and self-sacrifice away from the battlefield.
2. Ashoka Chakra B. Third-highest peacetime gallantry award for bravery and self-sacrifice.
3. Kirti Chakra C. Highest military decoration for displaying distinguished acts of valor during wartime.
4. Shaurya Chakra D. Second-highest peacetime gallantry award for courageous acts not in direct combat.

Choose the correct answer using the code given below:

Correct Answer: D. Param Vir Chakra (1-C), Ashoka Chakra (2-A), Kirti Chakra (3-D - Second-highest peacetime), Shaurya Chakra (4-B - Third-highest peacetime).

Q9. With reference to Dr. B.R. Ambedkar and his social reform movements, consider the following statements:

1. Dr. Ambedkar founded the Depressed Classes Association and launched the newspaper Bahiskrit Bharat in 1927 for the welfare of marginalized communities.
2. Dr. Ambedkar organized the Mahad March in 1930 at the Kalaram Temple, Nashik.
3. The Poona Pact of 1932 replaced separate electorates for Dalits with reserved seats in general constituencies to promote social inclusion.

How many of the statements given above are correct?

Correct Answer: B. Statements 1 and 3 are correct. Statement 2 is incorrect as Ambedkar organized the Mahad March in 1927 at the Chavdar Tank, not the Kalaram Temple (which was in 1930).

Q10. Consider the following statements with reference to Moidams – the Mound-Burial System of the Ahom Dynasty from Assam:

1. Moidams is Assam's second World Heritage Site, after Kaziranga National Park.
2. Moidams is situated at the foothills of the Patkai Ranges in eastern Assam.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Correct Answer: B. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect as Moidams is Assam's third World Heritage Site (after Kaziranga National Park and Manas National Park).

Q11. Consider the following statements with reference to the UNESCO Creative Cities Network (UCCN):

1. It was created in 2004 to promote cooperation with and among cities that have identified creativity as a strategic factor for sustainable urban development.
2. The Network covers six creative fields.
3. Recently, Kozhikode was added as 'City of Literature'.

How many of the statements given above are correct?

Correct Answer: B. Statements 1 and 3 are correct. Statement 2 is incorrect as the Network covers seven creative fields (Crafts and Folk Art, Design, Film, Gastronomy, Literature, Media Arts, and Music).

Q12. Consider the following pairs of Archaeological Sites and States:

Archaeological Site State
Perumbalai Karnataka
Doddalathur Tamil Nadu
Vadnagar Gujarat

How many of the pairs given above are correct?

Correct Answer: A. Only one pair is correct. Vadnagar is correctly matched with Gujarat. Perumbalai is in Tamil Nadu and Doddalathur is in Karnataka.

Q13. With reference to Sanchi Stupa, consider the following statements:

1. It was originally built by Emperor Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE to house sacred relics of the Buddha.
2. The four intricately carved gateways (toranas) were constructed during the reign of the Ikshvaku dynasty.
3. The final addition to the Stupa, including shrines at cardinal entry points, was made during the rule of Gupta dynasty.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Correct Answer: B. Statements 1 and 3 are correct. Statement 2 is incorrect as the toranas were constructed during the Satavahana dynasty, not the Ikshvaku dynasty.

Q14. With reference to Nalanda University, consider the following statements:

1. Nalanda University was designated as an Institute of National Importance (INI) in 2010 by the Parliament of India.
2. Nalanda is the only Cultural UNESCO Heritage site in Bihar.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Correct Answer: A. Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is incorrect as Bihar has two cultural UNESCO sites: Nalanda and Mahabodhi Temple (Bodh Gaya).

Q15. Consider the following statements about the Vaikom Satyagraha:

1. The Vaikom Satyagraha was led by Mahatma Gandhi, with a focus on demanding temple entry rights for lower castes in Kerala.
2. The Vaikom Satyagraha culminated in the 1925 Temple Entry Proclamation, which allowed marginalized castes to enter temples in Travancore.
3. C.Rajagopalachari supported the movement, advocating lower-caste access to the public path at the Vaikom temple.

How many of the statements given above are incorrect?

Correct Answer: B. Statements 1 and 2 are incorrect. The Vaikom Satyagraha was led by Periyar EV Ramasamy (not Gandhi), and it culminated in the 1936 Temple Entry Proclamation (not 1925). Statement 3 is correct.

Q16. With reference to the Virupaksha temple in Karnataka, consider the following statements:

1. The temple is dedicated to Lord Vishnu.
2. It was built by Lakkan Dandesha, a chieftain under the Vijayanagara Empire.
3. It is located on the bank of the river Tungabhadra.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Correct Answer: B. Statements 2 and 3 are correct. Statement 1 is incorrect as the temple is dedicated to Lord Shiva (not Vishnu).

Q17. Consider the following pairs of Schools of Indian Philosophy and their Founders:

School of Indian Philosophy Founder
Nyaya Gautama
Vaisheshika Kanada
Samkhya Jaimini

How many of the pairs given above are correct?

Correct Answer: B. Nyaya-Gautama and Vaisheshika-Kanada are correctly matched. Samkhya's founder is Kapila (not Jaimini, who founded Mimamsa).

Q18. Which temple architecture style is characterized by features such as Rekhapida, Pidha Deul, and Khakra?

Correct Answer: C. Rekhapida, Pidha Deul, and Khakra are characteristic features of Odisha (Kalinga) Temple Architecture.

Q19. This personality is known for establishing the Ramakrishna Mission at Belur Math near Calcutta. He/She founded the Vedanta Society of New York in 1894. The National Youth Day is celebrated annually on January 12 to mark his birth anniversary.

Which of the following personalities best matches the description given above?

Correct Answer: C. Swami Vivekananda established the Ramakrishna Mission, founded the Vedanta Society of New York, and his birth anniversary is celebrated as National Youth Day on January 12.

Q20. Consider the following statements regarding Birsa Munda:

1. The Prime Minister recently launched a commemorative stamp and coin to celebrate the 150th birth anniversary of Birsa Munda.
2. He was a crucial figure in the Santhal Rebellion.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Correct Answer: A. Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is incorrect as Birsa Munda led the Munda Rebellion (Ulgulan), not the Santhal Rebellion (which was led by Sidhu and Kanhu Murmu).

Q21. Consider the following statements regarding Periyar EV Ramasamy:

1. Periyar EV Ramasamy was known as the 'Father of the Dravidian Movement' and founded the Self-Respect Movement and Dravidar Kazhagam.
2. Periyar's opposition to the imposition of Hindi in the 1930s was a central aspect of the Dravidian Movement, advocating for the protection of Tamil identity.
3. Periyar played a significant role in the Vaikom Satyagraha, where he was arrested twice and earned the title "Vaikom Veerar."
4. Periyar founded the Justice Party in the 1940s, which later split to form the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK).

Which of the statements given above are correct?

Correct Answer: A. Statements 1, 2, and 3 are correct. Statement 4 is incorrect as the Justice Party was not founded by Periyar; he aligned with it later, and DMK was formed by C.N. Annadurai after splitting from DK.

Q22. Consider the following statements about Veerashaiva religion:

1. Basavanna is the founder of Veerashaiva religion.
2. They advocated monotheism, worshipping Lord Vishnu.
3. Vachana literature written in Malayalam, is associated with Veerashaivas.

How many of the statements given above are correct?

Correct Answer: A. Only statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is incorrect as they worship Lord Shiva (not Vishnu). Statement 3 is incorrect as Vachana literature is written in Kannada (not Malayalam).

Q23. Consider the following pairs of GI Tags and their associated Artisan/Art Form:

GI Tag Artisan/Art Form
A. Kantha Work 1. Odisha
B. Patan Patola 2. Punjab
C. Kanchipuram Saree 3. Tamil Nadu

How many of the pairs given above are incorrect?

Correct Answer: B. Only C (Kanchipuram Saree - Tamil Nadu) is correctly matched. Kantha Work is from West Bengal (not Odisha) and Patan Patola is from Gujarat (not Punjab).

Q24. Consider the following statements about Lachit Borphukan:

1. The Statue of Valour for Ahom General Lachit Borphukan is situated in Meghalaya.
2. The Lachit Borphukan gold medal is an annual award given to the best cadet at the National Defence Academy (NDA).
3. He was appointed to the post of commander of 'Hanstidhara Tamuli' by the then minister of the state.

How many of the statements given above are correct?

Correct Answer: B. Statements 2 and 3 are correct. Statement 1 is incorrect as the Statue of Valour is situated in Assam (not Meghalaya).

Q25. Consider the following statements regarding Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and the Statue of Unity:

1. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel was the first Home Minister and Deputy Prime Minister of independent India.
2. Sardar Patel led the Bardoli Satyagraha where he earned the title "Sardar."
3. The Statue of Unity was added to the 'Eight Wonders of the BRICS list in 2020.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Correct Answer: A. Statements 1 and 2 are correct. Statement 3 is incorrect as the Statue of Unity was added to the 'Eight Wonders of the SCO' list in 2020, not BRICS.

Q26. Consider the following statements about Bhagat Singh:

1. Bhagat Singh founded the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA) in 1930.
2. He founded the Naujawan Bharat Sabha in 1926 to mobilize youth for the freedom struggle.
3. His writings include Why I Am an Atheist and The Jail Notebook.

How many of the statements given above are correct?

Correct Answer: B. Statements 2 and 3 are correct. Statement 1 is incorrect as HSRA was founded in 1928 (not 1930) by Chandra Shekhar Azad, Sukhdev Thapar, and Sachindra Nath Sanyal.

Q27. Consider the following statements regarding Russian Traveler Afanasy Nikitin:

1. He arrived in India at Cambay (Khambhat), Gujarat.
2. His book Voyage Beyond Three Seas describes the 15th-century Deccan's political landscape.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Correct Answer: C. Both statements are correct. Afanasy Nikitin arrived at Cambay and his book describes 15th-century Deccan politics.

Q28. Consider the following statements regarding Jallikattu:

1. Jallikattu is a bull-taming sport held during Onam in Kerala.
2. It dates back to the classical period and was practiced by the Ayar tribes.
3. Pulikulam and Kangayam are native bull breeds used in Jallikattu.

How many of the statements given above are correct?

Correct Answer: B. Statements 2 and 3 are correct. Statement 1 is incorrect as Jallikattu is held during Pongal in Tamil Nadu (not Onam in Kerala).

Q29. Consider the following statements about the Nowruz Festival:

1. Nowruz is celebrated as the Persian New Year and begins on the winter solstice.
2. The United Nations recognizes the International Day of Nowruz on 21st December each year.
3. Nowruz was inscribed on UNESCO's Intangible Cultural Heritage list in 2010.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Correct Answer: D. None of the statements are correct. Nowruz begins on the spring equinox (not winter solstice), International Day is on 21st March (not December), and it was inscribed in 2009 (not 2010).

Q30. Consider the following statements about Karam Parva:

1. Karam Parva is a harvest festival celebrated primarily in the northeastern states of India.
2. It involves sowing seven types of grains and worshipping the Karam tree with Hibiscus flowers.
3. The festival is celebrated by tribal communities like the Oraon, Munda, and Santhal people.

How many of the statements given above are correct?

Correct Answer: B. Statements 2 and 3 are correct. Statement 1 is incorrect as Karam Parva is celebrated primarily in eastern and central India (Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, West Bengal), not northeastern states.

Q31. Which of the following statements about Gotipua Dance is incorrect?

Correct Answer: B. Gotipua dance is performed in praise of Bhagwan Jagannath and Krishna (not Murugan, which is associated with Tamil culture).

Q32. With reference to the Bharat Ratna, consider the following statements:

1. The Bharat Ratna was first conferred in 1954.
2. The medallion of the Bharat Ratna is shaped like a banyan leaf with "Satyameva Jayate" inscribed on the reverse.
3. Lal Bahadur Shastri was the first posthumous recipient of the Bharat Ratna.
4. Only Indian citizens are eligible to receive the Bharat Ratna.

How many of the statements given above are correct?

Correct Answer: B. Statements 1 and 3 are correct. Statement 2 is incorrect as the medallion is shaped like a peepal leaf (not banyan leaf). Statement 4 is incorrect as exceptions have been made for foreign nationals like Mother Teresa and Nelson Mandela.

Q33. Which city recently earned the World Craft City (WCC) tag from the World Crafts Council (WCC) for its local crafts like Pashmina shawls and carpets?

Correct Answer: B. Srinagar earned the World Craft City (WCC) tag for its local crafts like Pashmina shawls, carpets, and papier mache.

Q34. Consider the following statements regarding Lothal:

1. Lothal is the port-town located on the bank of Sabarmati River.
2. Lothal has been included in the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Correct Answer: A. Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is incorrect as Lothal has only been nominated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site (in 2014), but has not been inscribed yet.

Q35. Consider the following pairs of Chalukya Dynasty and their Capitals:

Chalukya Dynasty Capital
Badami Chalukyas Vatapi
Eastern Chalukyas Kalyani
Western Chalukyas Vengi

How many of the pairs given above are correct?

Correct Answer: A. Only Badami Chalukyas - Vatapi is correctly matched. Eastern Chalukyas had capital at Vengi and Western Chalukyas had capital at Kalyani.

Q36. Consider the following events: 1. Sabarmati Ashram 2. Tolstoy farm 3. Kochrab Ashram 4. Phoenix Settlement

Which of the following is the correct chronological sequence of the establishment of the above?

Correct Answer: B. The correct chronological order is: Phoenix Settlement (1904) → Tolstoy Farm (1910) → Kochrab Ashram (1915) → Sabarmati Ashram (1917).

Q37. Consider the following statements regarding Port Blair:

1. The capital of Andaman & Nicobar Islands, has been renamed as "Sri Vijaya Puram".
2. Historically, it also served as a strategic naval base for the Cholas.
3. The Cellular Jail, where Veer Savarkar was imprisoned, is located in Port Blair.

How many of the statements given above are correct?

Correct Answer: C. All three statements are correct. Port Blair has been renamed Sri Vijaya Puram, served as a Chola naval base, and houses the Cellular Jail where Veer Savarkar was imprisoned.

Q38. Consider the following statements regarding the Bodo community and the Bodoland Mahotsav 2024:

1. The Bodoland Mahotsav celebrates the language, literature, and culture of the Bodo community, with the theme "Peace and Harmony for Prosperous Bharat."
2. The Bodo community is primarily spread across the Bodoland Territorial Region (BTR) of Assam and is also found in parts of Bangladesh and Nepal.
3. The Bodo community speaks the Bodo language, which is included in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution.

How many of the statements given above are correct?

Correct Answer: C. All three statements are correct. The Bodoland Mahotsav celebrates Bodo culture with the given theme, the community is spread across BTR, Bangladesh, and Nepal, and Bodo language is in the Eighth Schedule.

Q39. Consider the following pairs of Temples and their States:

Temple State
1. Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple Andhra Pradesh
2. Veerabhadra Temple Kerala
3. Guruvayur Temple Tamil Nadu

How many of the pairs given above are correct?

Correct Answer: D. None of the pairs are correct. Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple is in Tamil Nadu, Veerabhadra Temple is in Andhra Pradesh, and Guruvayur Temple is in Kerala.

Q40. Vasudev Balwant Phadke also known as the 'Father of the Indian Armed Rebellion,' was the first Indian leader to spread the mantra of swaraj across villages. In 1879, he formed one of India's first revolutionary armies. Which of the following individuals were associated with it?

Correct Answer: A. Vasudev Balwant Phadke formed his revolutionary army with Gopal Hari Karve, Vishnu Gadre, and Ganesh Dedhar.

Q41. Consider the following statements regarding the Ramon Magsaysay Award:

1. The Ramon Magsaysay Award was established in 1957 and is considered Asia's highest honor.
2. It is awarded annually for commemorating the birthday of the third President of the Philippines, Ramon Magsaysay.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Correct Answer: C. Both statements are correct. The Ramon Magsaysay Award was established in 1957 and is awarded annually on August 31, the birthday of Ramon Magsaysay.

Q42. She was released from Pune's Yerawada Jail in March 1946 and is celebrated as "Radio-ben" in nationalist media. She was awarded the Padma Vibhushan by the Union Government in 1998. Which of the following personality is being referred to in the above paragraph?

Correct Answer: B. Usha Mehta ran the underground Congress Radio during the Quit India Movement, was released from Yerawada Jail in 1946, and was awarded the Padma Vibhushan in 1998.

Q43. Consider the following statements about Sagar Island:

1. Sagar Island is also known as Ganga Sagar or Sagardwip.
2. It is located on the continental shelf of the Arabian Sea.
3. Sagar Island is a part of the Sundarbans.
4. The Gangasagar Mela, held during Makar Sankranti, is the world's largest human congregation.

How many of the statements given above are correct?

Correct Answer: B. Statements 1 and 3 are correct. Statement 2 is incorrect as it is located on the continental shelf of the Bay of Bengal (not Arabian Sea). Statement 4 is incorrect as it is the second-largest human congregation (after Kumbh Mela).

Q44. Consider the following pairs of Structure Type and their Description:

Structure Type Description
Menhirs Single stone, unshaped or minimally altered natural boulders
Boulder circles Circular arrangements of rocks or boulders marking burial sites
Dolmens Large freestanding stone structure that has capstone

How many of the pairs given above are correct?

Correct Answer: C. All three pairs are correctly matched with their descriptions.

Q45. Consider the following statements about Project PARI:

1. It was launched by the Ministry of Tourism to showcase public art forms that blend India's traditional art forms with modern themes.
2. The project features art styles such as Thangka, Gond, Tanjore, and Warli, and is inspired by World Heritage Sites like Bimbetka and other natural World Heritage Sites in India.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Correct Answer: B. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect as Project PARI was launched by the Ministry of Culture (not Tourism).

Q46. Consider the following pairs of Term/Concept and their Associated Feature:

Term/Concept Associated Feature
A. Bahamani Architecture 1. Indo-Islamic styles
B. Dhokra Shilpkala 2. Lost wax metal casting
C. Bela Printing 3. Mordant block printing technique

How many of the pairs given above are correct?

Correct Answer: C. All three pairs are correctly matched. Bahamani Architecture features Indo-Islamic styles, Dhokra Shilpkala uses lost wax casting, and Bela Printing uses mordant block printing technique.

Q47. Which of the following correctly describes the practice of Nata Pratha?

Correct Answer: B. Nata Pratha is a social practice where girls are married off or sold under family agreements, often involving financial transactions.

Q48. Consider the following statements about the Kadamba Inscription:

1. The inscription, dating to the 10th century, is found in the Mahadeva temple at Cacoda, Goa.
2. It records the story of Gundayya, son of Talara Nevayya, who fulfilled his father's vow to capture the gopura of the Goa port.
3. The inscription is written in Kannada and Nagari scripts, resembling the Aihole inscription of Pulakeshin II.

How many of the statements given above are correct?

Correct Answer: B. Statements 1 and 2 are correct. Statement 3 is incorrect as it resembles the Talangre inscription of Jayasimha I (not Aihole inscription of Pulakeshin II).

Q49. With reference to the Madhika language, consider the following statements:

1. It is primarily spoken in tribal regions of central India.
2. The script of Madhika language is similar to Devnagari script.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Correct Answer: D. Neither statement is correct. Madhika is spoken in Kerala (not central India) and has no script (not similar to Devnagari).

Q50. Assertion (A): India commemorates Constitution Day every year on November 26 to honor the adoption of the Constitution in 1949.

Reason (R): The adoption of the Constitution on November 26, 1949, immediately gave full legal rights to the citizens of India, transforming India into a sovereign democratic republic.

Correct Answer: C. Assertion (A) is correct. Reason (R) is incorrect because the Constitution came into force on January 26, 1950 (not immediately on November 26, 1949), when India became a sovereign democratic republic.
Answer Key
1. (b)
2. (c)
3. (d)
4. (a)
5. (b)
6. (a)
7. (a)
8. (d)
9. (b)
10. (b)
11. (b)
12. (a)
13. (b)
14. (a)
15. (b)
16. (b)
17. (b)
18. (c)
19. (c)
20. (a)
21. (a)
22. (a)
23. (b)
24. (b)
25. (a)
26. (b)
27. (c)
28. (b)
29. (d)
30. (b)
31. (b)
32. (b)
33. (b)
34. (a)
35. (a)
36. (b)
37. (c)
38. (c)
39. (d)
40. (a)
41. (c)
42. (b)
43. (b)
44. (c)
45. (b)
46. (c)
47. (b)
48. (b)
49. (d)
50. (c)